Chronic Constipation and Encopresis in Children

Selected References

  1. Abrahamian, F.P, Lloyd-Still, J.D.  Chronic constipation in childhood: a longitudinal study of 186 patients.  J Ped Gastro Nutr  1984;3:460-467.
  2. Borowitz, S.M., Brooks, R., Koratchev, B., et al.  Constipation in Early Childhood: precipitating factors and treatment outcome.  Pediatric Research 1999;45:109A.
  3. Borowitz SM, Sutphen JL, Link WL, Cox DJ.  Lack of Correlation of Anorectal Manometry with Symptoms of Chronic Childhood Constipation and Encopresis, Diseases of the Colon and Rectum  1996; 39:400-405.
  4. Borowitz, S.M., Cox, D.J., Sutphen, J.L.  Differences in toileting habits between children with chronic encopresis, asymptomatic siblings, and asymptomatic non-siblings, Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 1999; 20:145-149.
  5. Borowitz, S.M., Cox, D.J., Sutphen, J.L.,Kovatchev, B.  Treatment of childhood encopresis: a randomized trial comparing three treatment protocols.  Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition  2002; 34:378-384.
  6. Borowitz, S.M., Cox, D.J., Tam, A., Ritterband, L.M., Sutphen, J.L., Penberthy, J.K.  Precipitants of constipation during early childhood.  Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine  2003; 16:213-218.
  7. Borowitz, S.M., Cox, D.J., Kovatchev, B., Ritterband, L.M., Sutphen, J.L.  Treatment of childhood constipation by primary care physicians: efficacy and predictors of outcome.  Pediatrics  2005; 115:873-877.
  8. Cox DJ, Sutphen JL, Borowitz SM, Dickens MN, Singles J:  Simple electromyographic biofeedback treatment for chronic pediatric constipation/encopresis: preliminary report.  Biofeedback and Self-Regulation  1994; 19:41-50.
  9. Cox DJ, Sutphen JL, Ling W, Quillian W, Borowitz S.  Relative Efficacy of Laxative, Toilet Training, and Biofeedback Therapies in the Treatment of Pediatric Encopresis, Journal of Pediatric Psychology  1996; 21:659-670. 
  10. Cox DJ, Sutphen JL, Borowitz SM., Ling, W.  Contribution of behavior therapy and biofeedback to laxative therapy in the treatment of pediatric encopresis, Annals of Behavioral Medicine  1998; 20:1-7.
  11. Gallagher, B., West, D., Puntis., J.W.  Characteristics of children under 5 referred to hospital with constipation: a one-year prospective study.  Int J Clin Pract  1998;52:165-7.
  12. Gattuso, J.M., Kamm, M.A.  Adverse effects of the drugs used in the management of constipation and diarrhoea.  Drug Safety  1994;10:47-65.
  13. Iacona, G., Cavataio, F., Montalto, G., et al.  Intolerance of cow’s milk and chronic constipation in children.  N Engl J Med  1998; 3990:1100-4
  14. Ling  WD, Cox  DJ, Sutphen JL, Borowitz S: Psychological factors in encopresis: comparison of patients to nonsymptomatic siblings.  Clinical Pediatrics  1996; 35:427-8. 
  15. Lloyd, B., Halter, R.J., Kuchan, M.G., et al.  Formula tolerance in postbreastfed and exclusively formula-fed infants.  Pediatrics  1998; 103:E77
  16. Loening-Baucke, V.  Chronic constipation in children.  Gastroenterology  1993;105:1557-1564.
  17. Loening-Baucke, V.  Biofeedback training in children with functional constipation – a critical review.  Dig Dis Sciences  1996; 41:65-71.
  18. Muller-Lissner, A.A.  Adverse effects of laxatives: fact and fiction.  Pharmacology  1993;47 Suppl 1:138-145
  19. Parker, P.H.  To do or not to do?  That is the question.  Ped Ann  1999;28:283-290.
  20. Partin, J.C., Hamill, S.K., Fischel, J.E., et al.  Painful defecation and fecal soiling in children.  Pediatr  1992;89:1007-9.
  21. Ritterband, L.M., Cox, D.J., Walker, L.S., Kovatchev, B., McKnight, L., Patel, K., Borowitz, S., Sutphen, J.  An internet intervention as adjunctive therapy for pediatric encopresis.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology  2003; 71:910-917.
  22. Rockney, R.M., McQuade, W.H., Days, A.L., et al.  Encopresis treatment outcome: long-term follow-up of 45 cases.  J Dev Behav Pediatr  1996; 17:380-385.
  23. Schiller, L.R.  Clinical pharmacology and use of laxatives and lavage solutions.  Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 1999 Jan;28(1):11-8  
  24. Sprague-McRaie, J.M., Lamb, W., Homer, D.  Encopresis: a study of treatment alternatives and historical and behavioral characteristics.  Nurse Practitioner  1993; 18:52-63.
  25. Staiano, A., Adreotti, M.R., Greco, L., et al.  Long term follow-up of children with chronic idiopathic constipation.  Dig Dis Sci  1994;39:561-564.
  26. Sutphen, J.L., Borowitz, S.M., Hutchison, R.L., et al.  Long-term follow-up of medically treated childhood constipation.  Clin Pediatr  1995;34:576-580.
  27. Swenson, O., Sherman, J.O., Fisher, J.H.  Diagnosis of congenital megacolon: an analysis of 501 patients.  J Ped Surg  1973;8:587-594.
  28. Taubman, B., Buzby, M.  Overflow encopresis and stool toileting refusal during toilet training: a prospective study on the effect of therapeutic efficacy.  J Pediatr  1997; 131:768-771.
  29. Van der Plas, R.N., Benninga, M.A., Taminiau, J.A.J.M., Buller, H.A.  Treatment of defaecation problems in children: the role of education, demystification, and toilet training.  Eur J Pediatr  1997; 156:689-692.
  30. Van der Plas, R.N., Benninga, W.L., Redekop, W.K., Taminiau, J.A., Buller, H.A.  Randomized trial of biofeedback training for encopresis.  Arch Dis Child  1996; 75:367-374.