References

Albin, R. L. 2005. Sham surgery controls are mitigated trolleys. Journal of Medical Ethics 13:149-152

Beauchamp, Tom L. and James F. Childress. 1994. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cronin, D.C., Millis J.M., and M. Siegler. 2001. Transplantation of liver grafts from living donors into adults--too much, too soon. New England Journal of Medicine 344(21):1633-1637.

Freedman, Benjamin. Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research. New Engl J Med 1987; 317:141-145.

Jones, R.S., and K. Richards. 2003. Office of Evidence-Based Surgery, Charts Course for Improved System of Care. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons 88:4:11-21.

Margo, C.E. 2001. When is surgery research? Towards an operational definition of human research. Journal of Medical Ethics 27(1):40-43.

Miller, F. G. 2004. Sham Surgery: An Ethical Analysis. Science Engineering Ethics 10(1):157-166.

Moseley, J.B., K. O'Malley, N.J. Petersen, et al. 2002. A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee. New England Journal of Medicine 347(2):81-88.

Moreno, J.D., Caplan, A.L., and Wolpe, P. R.: 1998. "Informed Consent" in Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Volume 2. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA. 687-697.

Reitsma, A.M. 2004. Evidence Based Surgery: a Growing Need for a Limited Enterprise. Open Editorial. Virtual Mentor, American Medical Association Online Ethics Magazine 6(10). Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13072.html

Reitsma, A.M. Ethical Guidelines for Innovative Surgery: Obstacles for Policy Change. In: Ethical Guidelines for Innovative Surgery. Eds.: Reitsma, A.M. and J.D. Moreno. University Publishing Group In press 2006.

Reitsma, A.M. and J.D. Moreno. 2006. Ethical Guidelines for Innovative Surgery: Recommendations for National Policy In: Ethical Guidelines for Innovative Surgery. Eds.: Reitsma, A.M. and J.D. Moreno. University Publishing Group In press 2006.

Reitsma, A.M., and J.D. Moreno. 2002. Ethical regulations for innovative surgery: the last frontier? Journal of the American College of Surgeons; 194(6):792-801.

Reitsma, A.M., and J.D. Moreno. 2005. Ethics of innovative surgery: US surgeons' definitions, knowledge, and attitudes. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 200(1):103-10.

Strasberg, S.M., and P.A. Ludbrook. 2003. Who oversees innovative practice? Is there a structure that meets the monitoring needs of new techniques? Journal of the American College of Surgeons 196(6):938-948.

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The Belmont report: ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Washington DC: Department of Health and Human Services 1979.

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